Publications of IGSLI
Publications on Mortality Data
Publications on Association- and Linkage-Studies
Publications on the efficacy of lithium

Research papers from individual IGSLI Centers or Members
Reviews
Lithium Augmentation in Depression
Lithium in Mania
Efficacy of Long-Term Treatment With Lithium
Mortality of Affective Disorders
Use of Thyroid Hormone in Refractory Mood Disorders
Genetics of Affective Disorders
Mechanism of Action of Lithium
Neuropsychiatric research
Antiviral Effects of Lithium
Miscellaneous topics
Psychopathology
Epidemiology and Outcomes Research
Methodology

Publications of IGSLI

Publications on Mortality Data

Ahrens B, Grof P, Möller HJ, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Wolf T. Extended survival of patients on long-term lithium treatment. Can J Psychiatry 1995;40:241-246

Ahrens B, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Grof P. Length of lithium treatment needed to eliminate the high mortality of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatr 1993;163 (suppl.21):27-29

Ahrens B, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Schou M, Wolf T, Alda M, Grof E, Grof P, Lenz G, Simhandl C, Thau K, Vestergaard P, Wolf R, Möller HJ. Excess cardiovascular and suicide mortality of affective disorders may be reduced by lithium prophylaxis. J Affect Disord 1995;33:67-75

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ahrens B, Grof E, Grof P, Lenz G, Schou M, Simhandl C, Thau K, Volk J, Wolf R, Wolf T. The effect of long-term lithium treatment on the mortality of patients with manic-depressive and schizoaffective illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;86:218-222

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ahrens B, Volk J, Grof P, Grof E, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Lenz G, Simhandl C, Thau K, Wolf R. Letter: Reduced mortality of manic-depressive patients in long-term lithium treatment: an international collaborative study by IGSLi. Psychiat Res 1991;36:329-331

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Wolf T, Ahrens B, Glaenz T, Schou M, Grof E, Grof P, Lenz G, Simhandl C, Thau K, Vestergaard P, Wolf R. Mortality of patients who dropped out from regular lithium prophylaxis: a collaborative study by the International Group for the Study of Lithium-Treated patients (IGSLi). Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:344-347

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Wolf T, Ahrens B, Schou M, Grof E, Grof P, Lenz G, Simhandl C, Thau K, Wolf R. Mortality during initial and during later lithium treatment: a collaborative study by the International Group for the Study of Lithium-treated Patients (IGSLi). Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:295-297

Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Die IGSLI-Studie zur Mortalität Lithium-behandelter Patienten mit affektiven Psychosen. In: Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A (Hrsg.) Ziele und Ergebnisse der medikamentösen Prophylaxe affektiver Psychosen. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, 1994;S. 35-40

Wolf T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Ahrens B, Grof P, Schou M, Felber W, Grof E, Lenz G, Nilsson A, Simhandl C, Thau K, Vestergaard P, Wolf R. How to interpret findings on mortality of long-term lithium treated manic-depressive patients?! Critique of different methodological approaches. J Affect Disord 1996;39:127-132

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Publications on Association- and Linkage-Studies

Alda M, Turecki G, Grof P, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Dvorakova M, Grof E, Holzinger A, Libigerova E, Licht RW, Martin B, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Rasmussen NA, Rouleau GA, Schou M, Schumann C, Thau K, Vestergaard P, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P. Molecular genetic investigations of candidate loci in lithium responsive bipolar disorder - a study by IGSLI. Europ Neuropsychopharmacol 1997;7 (suppl.2):S177

Alda M, Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Joober R, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA. Association and linkage studies of CRH and PENK genes in bipolar disorder: a collaborative IGSLI study. Am J Medical Genetics 2000;96:178-181

Cavazzoni P, Grof P, Duffy A, Grof E, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A, Ahrens B, Zvolsky P, Robertson C, Davis A, Hajek T, Alda M. Heterogeneity of the risk of suicidal behavior in bipolar-spectrum disorders. Bipolar Disord. 2007;9:377-385

Duffy A, Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Grof E, Joober R, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Nilsson A, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Robertson C, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Association and linkage studies of candidate genes involved in GABAergic neurotransmission in lithium responsive bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2000;25:353-358

Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Joober R, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA. Polyglutamine tracts: no evidence of a major role in bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 1999;4:220-221

Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Joober R, Lafrenière R, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA. Polyglutamine coding genes in bipolar disorder. Lack of association with selected candidate loci. J Affect Disord 2000;58:63-68

Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Joober R, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Evidence for a role of phospholipase C-g1 in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry 1998;3:534-538

Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Dvorakova M, Libigerova E, Vojtechovsky M, Zvolsky P, Joober R, Nilsson A, Prochazka H, Licht RW, Rasmussen NA, Schou M, Vestergaard P, Holzinger A, Schumann C, Thau K, Rouleau GA, Alda M. MAOA: Association and linkage studies with lithium responsive bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Genetics 1999;9:13-16

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Publications on the efficacy of lithium

Bauer M, Alda M, Priller J, Young LT; International Group For The Study Of Lithium Treated Patients (IGSLI) Implications of the neuroprotective effects of lithium for the treatment of bipolar and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36 Suppl 3:S250-S254

Grof P. Excellent lithium responders: People whose lives have been changed by lithium prophylaxis. In: Birch NJ, Gallicchio VS, Becker RW (eds.) Lithium: 50 years of psychopharmacology. New perspectives in biomedical and clinical research. Weidner, Cheshire 1999, pp.36-51

Grof P, Robbins W, Alda M, Berghöfer A, Vojtechovsky M, Nilsson A, Robertson C. Protective effect of pregnancy in women with lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2000;61:31-39

Schumann C, Lenz G, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Non-adherence with long-term prophylaxis: a 6-year naturalistic follow-up study of affectively ill patients. Psychiatr Research 1999;89:247-257

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Research papers from individual IGSLI Centers or Members

Reviews

Alda M. The phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004 May;14 Suppl 2:S94-S99

Adli M, Baethge C, Heinz A, Langlitz N, Bauer M. Is dose escalation of antidepressants a rational strategy after a medium-dose treatment has failed? A systematic review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005

Adli M, Bauer M, Rush AJ. Algorithms and collaborative-care systems for depression: are they effective and why? A systematic review. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;59:1029-1038

Baethge C. The long-term treatment of Schizoaffective Disorder: Review and Recommendations. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36:45-56

Bauer M. Updated WFSBP Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Primary Care. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2007;8:66.

Bauer M, Ahrens B. Bipolar disorder: A practical guideline for drug treatment. CNS Drugs 1996;6:35-52

Bauer M, Bschor T, Pfennig A, Whybrow PC, Angst J, Versiani M, Moller HJ; WFSBP Task Force on Unipolar Depressive Disorders. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders in Primary Care. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2007;8(2):67-104

Grunze H, Kasper S, Goodwin G, Bowden C, Baldwin D, Licht RW, Vieta E, Möller HJ; WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorders. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders, Part II: Treatment of Mania. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003;4:5-13

Hauser M, Pfennig A, Ozgurdal S, Heinz A, Bauer M, Juckel G. Early recognition of bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 2007;22:92-98

Müller-Oerlinghausen, Berghöfer A, Bauer M. Bipolar disorder. Lancet 2002;359:241-247

Licht RW, Straarup KN. [Prophylactic treatment of affective disorders] Ugeskr Laeger. 2007;169:1453-1455 Danish.

Nielsen JB, Vestergaard P. [Lithium intoxication: assessment, treatment and prevention] Ugeskr Laeger. 2007;169:522. Danish

Schou M. Has the time come to abandon prophylactic lithium treatment? A review for clinicians. Pharmacopsychiatry 1998;31:210-215

Schou M. Is there a lithium withdrawal syndrome? An examination of the evidence. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:514-518

Schou M. Lithium prophylaxis in perspective. Pharmacopsychiatry 1992;25:7-9

Schou M. Lithium treatment at 52. J Affect Disord 2001;67:21-32

Schou M. Perspectives on lithium treatment of bipolar disorder: action, efficacy, effect on suicidal behavior. Bipolar Disord 1999;1:5-10

Schou M. Prophylactic lithium treatment of unipolar and bipolar manic-depressive illness. Psychopathol 1995;28 (Suppl 1):81-85

Schou M. Suicidal behavior and prophylactic lithium treatment of major mood disorders: A review of reviews. Suicide Life-Threat Behav 2000;10:289-293

Schou M. The combat of non-compliance during prophylactic lithium treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;95:361-363

Schou M. The early European lithium studies. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 1999;33:S39-S47

Schou M. The effect of prophylactic lithium treatment on mortality and suicidal behavior: a review for clinicians. J Affect Disord 1998;50:253-259

Schou M. The first psychiatric use of lithium. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:279-280

Schou M. Treating recurrent affective disorders during and after pregnancy. What can be taken safely? Drug Saf 1998;18:143-152

Schou M. Where shall we put lithium et al? Br J Psychiatry 1995;166:678-679

Vestergaard P, Licht RW. 50 Years with lithium treatment in affective disorders: present problems and priorities. World J Biol Psychiatry 2001;2:18-26

Vieta E, Nolen WA, Grunze H, Licht RW, Goodwin G. A European perspective on the Canadian guidelines for bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2005;7 (Suppl 3):73-76

Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, O'Donovan C, Parikh S, MacQueen G, McIntyre R, Sharma V, Silverstone P, Alda M, Baruch P, Beaulieu S, Daigneault A, Milev R, Young LT, Ravindran A, Schaffer A, Connolly M, Gorman CP; Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: consensus and controversies. Bipolar Disord 2005;7 (Suppl 3):5-69

Young LT. What exactly is a mood stabilizer? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004;29:87-88

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Lithium Augmentation in Depression

Adli M, Hollinde DL, Stamm T, Wiethoff K, Tsahuridu M, Kirchheiner J, Heinz A, Bauer M. Response to Lithium Augmentation in Depression is Associated with the Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3-Beta -50T/C Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Biol Psychiatry. 2007

Bauer M, Adli M, Baethge C, Berghöfer A, Sasse J, Heinz A, Bschor T. Lithium augmentation therapy in refractory depression: clinical evidence and neurobiological mechanisms. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:440-448

Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D, Berghöfer A, Ströhle S, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the use of lithium to augment antidepressant medication in continuation treatment of unipolar major depression. Am J Psychiatr 2000;157:1429-1435

Bauer M, Bschor T, Kunz D, Berghöfer A, Ströhle S, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Lithium discontinuation: uncovering latent bipolar disorder? Dr. Bauer and colleagues reply. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1338-1339

Bauer M, Döpfmer S. Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression - A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999;19:427-434

Bauer M, Forsthoff A, Baethge C, Adli M, Berghöfer A, Döpfmer S, Bschor T. Lithium augmentation therapy in refractory depression-update 2002. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;253:132-139

Bschor T, Adli M, Baethge C, Eichmann U, Ising M, Uhr M, Modell S, Künzel H, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Lithium augmentation increases the ACTH and cortisol response in the combined DEX/CRH test in unipolar major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27:470-478

Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Eichmann U, Ising M, Uhr M, Modell S, Kunzel H, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Association between response to lithium augmentation and the combined DEX/CRH test in major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2003;37:135-143

Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Eichmann U, Ising M, Uhr M, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Lithium augmentation increases post-dexamethasone cortisol in the dexamethasone suppression test in unipolar major depression. Depress Anxiety 2003;17:43-48

Bschor T, Baethge C, Adli M, Lewitzka U, Eichmann U, Bauer M. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system activity during lithium augmentation therapy in patients with unipolar major depression. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003;28:210-216

Bschor T, Bauer M. Efficacy and mechanisms of action of lithium augmentation in refractory major depression. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:2985-2992

Bschor T, Berghöfer A, Ströhle A, Kunz D, Adli M, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. How long should the lithium augmentation strategy be maintained? A 1-year follow up of a placebo-controlled study in unipolar major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22:427-430

Bschor T, Canata B, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Predictors of response to lithium augmentation in tricyclic antidepressant-resistant depression. J Affect Disord 2001;64:261-265

Bschor T, Lewitzka U, Pfennig A, Bauer M. [Twenty-five years of lithium augmentation.] Nervenarzt. 2007 Apr 26

Bschor T, Lewitzka U, Sasse J, Adli M, Koberle U, Bauer M. Lithium augmentation in treatment-resistant depression: clinical evidence, serotonergic and endocrine mechanisms. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36 Suppl 3:S230-S234

Crossley NA, Bauer M. Acceleration and augmentation of antidepressants with lithium for depressive disorders: two meta-analyses of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:935-940

Rybakowski JK, Suwalska A, Chlopocka-Wozniak M. Potentiation of antidepressants with lithium or carbamazepine in the treatment resistant depression. Neuropsychobiology 1999;3:134-139

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Lithium in Mania

Gouliaev G, Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Merinder L, Lund H, Bjerre L. Treatment of manic episodes: zuclopenthixol and clonazepam versus lithium and clonazepam. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;93:119-124

Licht RW. Drug treatment of mania: a critical review. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998;97:387-397

Licht RW, Gouliaev G, Vestergaard P, Frydenberg M. Generalisability of results from randomised drug trials. A trial on antimanic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1997;170:264-267

Licht RW. Limitations in randomised controlled trials evaluating drug effects in mania. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;251(Suppl 2):II66-71

Licht RW. Limits of the applicability and generalizability of drug trials in mania. Bipolar Disord 2002;4(Suppl 1):66-68

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Efficacy of Long-Term Treatment With Lithium

Baethge C, Baldessarini RJ, Mathiske-Schmidt K, Hennen J, Berghofer A, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Bschor T, Adli M, Bauer M. Long-term combination therapy versus monotherapy with lithium and carbamazepine in 46 bipolar I patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:174-182

Baethge C, Gruschka P, Berghoefer A, Bauer M, Mueller-Oerlinghausen B, Bschor T, Smolka MN. Prophylaxis of schizoaffective disorder with lithium or carbamazepine: outcome after long-term follow-up. J Affect Disord 2004;79:43-50

Baethge C, Gruschka P, Smolka MN, Berghöfer A, Bschor T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Bauer M. Effectiveness and outcome predictors of long-term lithium prophylaxis in unipolar major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2003;28:355-361

Baethge C, Smolka MN, Gruschka P, Berghöfer A, Schlattmann P, Bauer M, Altshuler L, Grof P, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Does prophylaxis delay in bipolar disorders influence outcome? Results from a long-term study of 147 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003:107:260-267

Baethge C, Tondo L, Bratti IM, Bschor T, Bauer M, Viguera MC, Baldessarini RJ. Prophylaxis-latency and outcome in bipolar disorders. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:449-457

Bauer M, Glenn T, Grof P, Pfennig A, Rasgon NL, Marsh W, Munoz RA, Sagduyu K, Alda M, Quiroz D, Sasse J, Whybrow PC. Self-reported data from patients with bipolar disorder: Frequency of brief depression. J Affect Disord. 2007;101:227-233

Bauer M, Grof P, Gyulai L, Rasgon N, Glenn T, Whybrow PC. Using technology to improve longitudinal studies: self-reporting with ChronoRecord in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2004;6:67-74

Bauer M, Grof P, Rasgon NL, Marsh W, Munoz RA, Sagduyu K, Alda M, Quiroz D, Glenn T, Baethge C, Whybrow PC. Self-reported data from patients with bipolar disorder: impact on minimum episode length for hypomania. J Affect Disord. 2006;96:101-105

Bernhard B, Schaub A, Kummler P, Dittmann S, Severus E, Seemuller F, Born C, Forsthoff A, Licht RW, Grunze H. Impact of cognitive-psychoeducational interventions in bipolar patients and their relatives. Eur Psychiatry 2006;21:81-86

Berghöfer A, Kossmann B, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Course of illness and pattern of recurrences in patients with affective disorders during long-term lithium prophylaxis: A retrospective analysis over 15 years. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 93, 349-354

Bauer M, Rasgon N, Grof P, Glenn T, Lapp M, Marsh W, Munoz R, Suwalska A, Baethge C, Bschor T, Alda M, Whybrow PC. Do antidepressants influence mood patterns? A naturalistic study in bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry 2006;21:262-269

Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Is there a loss of efficacy of lithium in patients treated for over 20 years? Neuropsychobiology 2000;42(suppl.1):46-49

Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. No loss of efficacy after discontinuation and reinstitution of long-term lithium treatment? In: Gallicchio VS, Birch NJ (eds.) Lithium. Biochemical and Clinical Advances. Weidner Publishing Group, Cheshire, Conn 1996, pp.39-46

Bieling PJ, MacQueen GM, Marriot MJ, Robb JC, Begin H, Joffe RT, Young LT. Longitudinal outcome in patients with bipolar disorder assessed by life-charting is influenced by DSM-IV personality disorder symptoms. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:14-21

Bratti IM, Baldessarini RJ, Baethge C, Tondo L. Pretreatment episode count and response to lithium treatment in manic-depressive illness. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, in press

Deshauer D, Duffy A, Alda M, Grof E, Albuquerque J, Grof P. The cortisol awakening response in bipolar illness: a pilot study. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:462-466

Deshauer D, Grof E, Alda M, Grof P: Patterns of DST positivity in remitted affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1023-1029

Garnham J, Munro A, Slaney C, Macdougall M, Passmore M, Duffy A, O'Donovan C, Teehan A, Alda M. Prophylactic treatment response in bipolar disorder: Results of a naturalistic observation study. J Affect Disord 2007 Apr 16;

Glenn T, Whybrow PC, Rasgon N, Grof P, Alda M, Baethge C, Bauer M. Approximate entropy of self-reported mood prior to episodes in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2006;8(5 Pt 1):424-429

Grof P, Alda M, Ahrens B. Clinical course of affective disorders: were Emil Kraepelin and Jules Angst wrong? Psychopathology 1995;28 (Suppl 1):73-80

Grof P, Alda M. Discrepancies in the efficacy of lithium (letter to the editor). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:191

Grof P, Alda M, Grof E, Fox D, Cameron P. The challenge of predicting response to stabilising lithium treatment. The importance of patient selection. Br J Psychiatry 1993;21:16-19

Grof P. Selecting effective long-term treatment for bipolar patients: monotherapy and combinations. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64 (Suppl 5):53-61

Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Rasmussen NA, Jepsen K, Brodersen A, Hansen PE. A lithium clinic for bipolar patients: 2-year outcome of the first 148 patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;104:387-390.

MacQueen GM, Marriott M, Begin H, Robb J, Joffe RT, Young LT. Subsyndromal symptoms assessed in longitudinal, prospective follow-up of a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:349-355

Passmore MJ, Garnham J, Duffy A, MacDougall M, Munro A, Slaney C, Teehan A, Alda M. Phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder in responders to lithium versus lamotrigine. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:110-114

Rasgon N, Bauer M, Glenn T, Elman S, Whybrow PC. Menstrual cycle related mood changes in women with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:48-52

Ruzickova M, Slaney C, Garnham J, Alda M. Clinical features of bipolar disorder with and without comorbid diabetes mellitus. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:458-461

Rybakowski JK, Chlopocka-Wozniak M, Kapelski Z, Strzyzewski W. The relative prophylactic efficacy of lithium against manic and depressive recurrences in bipolar patients. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1980;15:86-90

Rybakowski JK, Chlopocka-Wozniak M, Suwalska A. The prophylactic effect of long-term lithium administration in bipolar patients entering treatment in the 1970s and 1980s. Bipolar Disord 2001;3:63-67

Rybakowski JK, Dyson WL, Amsterdam JD. Alexithymia and somatic conditions in patients with affective illnesses during lithium prophylaxis. Psychother Psychosom 1988;49:1-5

Schaub, R, Berghöfer A, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. What do patients in a lithium outpatient clinic know about lithium? J Psychiatry Neurosci 2001;26:319-324

Tohen M, Greil W, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Yatham LN, Oerlinghausen BM, Koukopoulos A, Cassano GB, Grunze H, Licht RW, Dell'Osso L, Evans AR, Risser R, Baker RW, Crane H, Dossenbach MR, Bowden CL. Olanzapine versus lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:1281-1290

Vestergaard P, Licht RW, Brodersen A, Rasmussen NA, Christensen H, Arngrim T, Gronvall B, Kristensen E, Poulstrup I, Wentzer Licht R. Outcome of lithium prophylaxis: a prospective follow-up of affective disorder patients assigned to high and low serum lithium levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998;98:310-315

Whybrow PC, Grof P, Gyulai L, Rasgon N, Glenn T, Bauer M. The electronic assessment of the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder: the ChronoRecord software. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36 Suppl 3:S244-S249

Zakowska-Dabrowska T, Rybakowski J. Lithium-induced EEG changes: relation to lithium levels in serum and red blood cells. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:457-465

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Mortality of Affective Disorders

Ahrens B, Berghöfer A, Wolf T, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Suicide attempts, age and duration of illness in recurrent affective disorders. J Affective Disord 1995;36:43-49

Ahrens B, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Does lithium exert an independent antisuicidal effect? Pharmacopsychiatry 2001;34:132-136.

Angst J, Angst F, Gerber-Werder R, Gamma A. Suicide in 406 mood-disorder patients with and without long-term medication: a 40 to 44 years' follow-up. Arch Suicide Res 2005;9:279-300

Brodersen A, Licht RW, Vestergaard P, Olesen AV, Mortensen PB. Sixteen-year mortality in patients with affective disorder commenced on lithium. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176:429-433

Bronisch T, Brunner J, Bondy B, Rujescu D, Bishof G, Heuser I, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Hawellek B, Maier W, Rao ML, Felber W, Lewitzka U, Oehler J, Broocks A, Hohagen F, Lauterbach E. A multicenter study about neurobiology of suicidal behavior: design, development, and preliminary results. Arch Suicide Res 2005;9:19-26

de Lara CL, Dumais A, Rouleau G, Lesage A, Dumont M, Chawky N, Alda M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. STin2 Variant and Family History of Suicide as Significant Predictors of Suicide Completion in Major Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2005 Aug 24; [Epub ahead of print]

Dumais A, Lesage AD, Alda M, Rouleau G, Dumont M, Chawky N, Roy M, Mann JJ, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. Risk factors for suicide completion in major depression: a case-control study of impulsive and aggressive behaviors in men. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:2116-2124

Lauterbach E, Ahrens B, Felber W, Oerlinghausen BM, Kilb B, Bischof G, Heuser I, Werner P, Hawellek B, Maier W, Lewitzka U, Pogarell O, Hegerl U, Bronisch T, Richter K, Niklewski G, Broocks A, Hohagen F. Suicide prevention by lithium SUPLI--challenges of a multi-center prospective study. Arch Suicide Res 2005;9:27-34

McGirr A, Renaud J, Seguin M, Alda M, Benkelfat C, Lesage A, Turecki G. An examination of DSM-IV depressive symptoms and risk for suicide completion in major depressive disorder: a psychological autopsy study. J Affect Disord 2007;97:203-209

McGirr A, Seguin M, Renaud J, Benkelfat C, Alda M, Turecki G. Gender and risk factors for suicide: evidence for heterogeneity in predisposing mechanisms in a psychological autopsy study. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1612-1617

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A, Ahrens B. The antisuicidal and mortality-reducing effect of lithium prophylaxis: consequences for guidelines in clinical psychiatry. Can J Psychiatry 2003;48:433-439

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Berghöfer A. Antidepressants and suicidal risk. J Clin Psychiatr 1999;60 (suppl.2):94-99

Mueller-Oerlinghausen B, Felber W, Berghofer A, Lauterbach E, Ahrens B. The impact of lithium long-term medication on suicidal behavior and mortality of bipolar patients. Arch Suicide Res 2005;9:307-319

Müller-Oerlinghausen B. How should findings on antisuicidal effects of lithium be integrated into practical treatment decisions? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;253:126-131

Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Roggenbach J, Franke L. Serotonergic platelet markers of suicidal behavior--do they really exist? J Affect Disord 2004;79:13-24

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Use of Thyroid Hormone in Refractory Mood Disorders

Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Szuba MP, Leight KL, Whybrow PC. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1617-1622

Baethge C, Reischies FM, Berghöfer A, Baur H, Schlattmann P, Whybrow PC, Bauer M. Effects of supraphysiological doses of thyroxine on cognitive function in healthy individuals. Psychiatry Res 2002; 110 (2):117-123

Bauer M, Baur H, Berghöfer A, Ströhle A, Hellweg R, Müller-Oerlinghausen B, Baumgartner A. Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. J Affect Disord 2002;68:285-294

Bauer M, Berghöfer A, Bschor T, Baumgartner A, Kiesslinger U, Hellweg R, Adli M, Baethge C, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. Supraphysiological doses of L-thyroxine in the maintenance treatment of prophylaxis-resistant affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;27:620-628

Bauer M, Fairbanks L, Berghoefer A, Hierholzer J, Bschor T, Baethge C, Rasgon N, Sasse J, Whybrow PC. Bone mineral density during maintenance treatment with supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine in affective disorders: a longitudinal study. J Affect Disord 2004;83:183-190

Bauer M, Heinz A, Whybrow PC Thyroid hormones, serotonin and mood: of synergy and significance in the adult brain. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:140-156

Bauer M, Hellweg R, Gräf KJ, Baumgartner A. Treatment of refractory depression with high-dose thyroxine. Neuropsychopharmacol 1998;18:444-455

Bauer M, London ED, Silverman DH, Rasgon N, Kirchheiner J, Whybrow PC. Thyroid, brain and mood modulation in affective disorder: insights from molecular research and functional brain imaging. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2003;36 Suppl 3:S215-S221

Bauer M, Priebe S, Berghöfer A, Bschor T, Kiesslinger K, Whybrow PC. Subjective response to and tolerability of long-term supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine in refractory mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2001;64:35-42

Gitlin M, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suri R, Huynh EL, Fairbanks L, Bauer M, Korenman S. Peripheral thyroid hormones and response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2004;29:383-386

Gyulai L, Bauer M, Bauer MS, Garcia-Espana F, Cnaan A, Whybrow PC. Thyroid hypofunction in patients with rapid-cycling bipolar disorder after lithium challenge. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:899-905

Gyulai L, Bauer M, Garcia-Espana F, Hierholzer J, Baumgartner A, Berghöfer A, Whybrow PC. Bone mineral density in pre- and post-menopausal women with affective disorder treated with long-term L-thyroxine augmentation. J Affect Disord 2001;66:185-191

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Genetics of Affective Disorders

Alda M. Bipolar disorder: from families to genes. Can J Psychiatry 1997;42:378-387

Alda M, Cavazzoni P, Grof P. Treatment response to prophylactic lithium and family history of psychiatric disorders (letter to the editor). Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:1078

Alda M. Genetic factors and response to prophylactic treatment in bipolar disorder. In: Lerer B (ed) Pharmacogenetics of Psychotropics Drugs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002

Alda M. Genetic factors and treatment of mood disorders. Bipolar Disord 2001;3:318-324

Alda M, Grof E, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Martin R, Ravindran L, Grof P. Autosomal recessive inheritance in families of responders to lithium prophylaxis. J Aff Disord 1997;44:153-157

Alda M, Grof P, Cameron P. Lithium as a tool in genetic research. In: Birch N (ed) Lithium in Medicine and Biology. Marius Press, 1993

Alda M, Grof P. Genetics and lithium response in bipolar disorders. In: Soares JC, Gershon S (ed) Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of Bipolar Disorder. Marcel Dekker, NY, 2000

Alda M, Grof P, Grof E. MN blood groups and bipolar disorder: evidence of genotypic association and Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:361-363

Alda M, Grof P, Grof E, Zvolsky P, Walsh M. Mode of inheritance in families of patients with lithium-responsive affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:304-310

Alda M, Grof P, Ravindran L, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Zvolsky P, Wilson J. Anticipation in bipolar illness: Is age at onset a valid criterion? Am J Med Gen 2000;96:804-807

Alda M, Grof P, Rouleau GA, Turecki G, Young LT. Investigating responders to lithium prophylaxis as a strategy for mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jul;29(6):1038-1045

Alda M, Keller D, Grof E, Turecki G, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Rouleau GA, Grof P, Young LT. Is lithium response related to gs_ levels in transformed lymphoblasts from subjects with bipolar disorder? J Aff Disord 2001;65:117-122

Alda M. Pharmacogenetic aspects of bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics 2003;4:35-40

Alda M. Pharmacogenetics of lithium response in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Neurosci 1999;24:154-158

Alda M, Zvolsky P, Grof P, Walsh M. Prophylactic lithium response and genetics of primary affective disorders. In: Kuhne GE (ed) Aktuelle Apekte der Psychiatrie. Universitatsverlag Jena, 1991

Cavazzoni P, Alda M, Turecki G, Rouleau G, Grof E, Martin R, Duffy A, Grof P. Lithium-responsive affective disorders: no association with the tyrosine hydroxylase gene. Psychiatry Res 1996; 64:91-96

de Lara CL, Brezo J, Rouleau G, Lesage A, Dumont M, Alda M, Benkelfat C, Turecki G. Effect of tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene variants on suicide risk in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:72-80

Demidenko N, Grof P, Alda M, Deshauer D, Duffy A. MMPI as a measure of subthreshold and residual psychopathology among the offspring of lithium responsive and non-responsive bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord 2004;6:323-328

Deshauer D, Duffy A, Meaney M, Sharma S, Grof P. Salivary cortisol secretion in remitted bipolar patients and offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord 2006;8:345-349

Duffy A, Alda M, Kutcher S, Fusee C, Grof P. Psychiatric symptoms and syndromes among the adolescent children of bipolar patients divided on the basis of response to lithium prophylaxis. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:431-433

Duffy A, Alda M, Kutcher S, Robertson C, Grof E, Grof P. A prospective study of the offspring of bipolar parents responsive and non-responsive to lithium treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:1171-1178

Duffy A, Alda M, Trinneer A, Demidenko N, Grof P, Goodyer IM. Temperament, life events, and psychopathology among the offspring of bipolar parents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;16:222-228

Duffy A. Editorial. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders: When to treat? And with what? Can J Psychiatry 2001;46:795-796

Duffy A, Grof P, Grof E, Zvolsk_ P, Alda M. Evidence supporting the independent inheritance of primary affective disorders and primary alcoholism in the families of bipolar patients. J Aff Disord 1998; 50:91-96

Duffy A, Grof P, Kutcher S, Robertson C, Alda M. Measures of attention and hyperactivity symptoms in a high-risk sample of children of bipolar parents. J Aff Disord 2001;67:159-165

Duffy A, Grof P. Psychiatric diagnoses in the context of genetic studies of bipolar disorder. J Bip Disord 2001;3:270-275

Duffy A, Grof P, Robertson C, Alda M. The implications of genetic studies of major mood disorders for clinical practice. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(9):630-637

Duffy A, Kutcher S, Alda M, Grof P. Hypotheses genetiques et troubles de l'humeur a debut precoce. In: Mamdani F, Sequeira A, Alda M, Grof P, Rouleau G, Turecki G. No association between the PREP gene and lithium responsive bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2007;7:9

Duffy A. Towards effective early intervention and prevention strategies for major affective disorders: A review of antecedents and risk factors. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45:340-348

Ftouhi-Paquin N, Alda M, Grof P, Chretien N, Rouleau G, Turecki G. Identification of three polymorphisms in the translated region of PLC-gamma1 and their investigation in lithium responsive bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet 2001;105:301-305

Grof P, Alda M, Grof E, Zvolsky P, Walsh M. Lithium response and genetics of affective disorders. J Affect Disord 1994;32:85-95

Grof P, Duffy A, Cavazzoni P, Grof E, Garnham J, MacDougall M, O’Donovan C, Alda M. Is response to prophylactic lithium a familial trait? J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63:942-947

Hauser J, Leszczy_ska A, Samochowiec J, Ostapowicz A, Czerski P, Jaracz J, Suwalska A, Horodnicki J, Rybakowski J. The association study of a functional polymorphism of the monoamine A gene promoter in patients with affective disorders. Arch Psychiatry Psychother 2002;4:9-15

Klaning U, Laursen TM, Licht RW, Kyvik KO, Skytthe A, Mortensen PB. Is the risk of bipolar disorder in twins equal to the risk in singletons? A nationwide register-based study. J Affect Disord 2004;81:141-145

MacQueen GM, Grof P, Alda M, Marriott M, Young LT, Duffy A. A pilot study of visual backward masking performance among affected versus unaffected offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2004;6:374-378

MacQueen GM, Hajek T, Alda M. The phenotypes of bipolar disorder: relevance for genetic investigations. Mol Psychiatry 2005;10:811-826

Mamdani F, Groisman IJ, Alda M, Turecki G. Pharmacogenetics and bipolar disorder. Pharmacogenomics J 2004;4:161-170

Mamdani F, Jaitovich Groisman I, Alda M, Turecki G. Long-term responsiveness to lithium as a pharmacogenetic outcome variable: treatment and etiologic implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2003;5:484-492

Mansour HA, Alda M, Nimgaonkar VL. Pharmacogenetics of bipolar disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002;4:17-123.

Mouren-Simeoni MC, Klein RG (ed) Les depressions chez l'enfant et l'adolescent. Faits et questions. Expansion Scientifique Publications, Paris, 1997

Passmore MJ, Garnham J, Duffy A, MacDougall M, Munro A, Slaney C, Teehan A, Alda M. Phenotypic spectra of bipolar disorder in responders to lithium versus lamotrigine. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:110-114

Ruzickova M, Turecki G, Alda M. Pharmacogenetics and mood stabilization in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2003;123:18-25

Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, Lewis CM, Gill M, Nurnberger JI Jr, Craddock N, DePaulo JR, Baron M, Gershon ES, Ekholm J, Cichon S, Turecki G, Claes S, Kelsoe JR, Schofield PR, Badenhop RF, Morissette J, Coon H, Blackwood D, McInnes LA, Foroud T, Edenberg HJ, Reich T, Rice JP, Goate A, McInnis MG, McMahon FJ, Badner JA, Goldin LR, Bennett P, Willour VL, Zandi PP, Liu J, Gilliam C, Juo SH, Berrettini WH, Yoshikawa T, Peltonen L, Lonnqvist J, Nothen MM, Schumacher J, Windemuth C, Rietschel M, Propping P, Maier W, Alda M, Grof P, Rouleau GA, Del-Favero J, Van Broeckhoven C, Mendlewicz J, Adolfsson R, Spence MA, Luebbert H, Adams LJ, Donald JA, Mitchell PB, Barden N, Shink E, Byerley W, Muir W, Visscher PM, Macgregor S, Gurling H, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Escamilla MA, Reus VI, Leon P, Freimer NB, Ewald H, Kruse TA, Mors O, Radhakrishna U, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Akarsu N. Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III: Bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2003;73:49-62

Sun X, Young LT, Wang JF, Grof P, Turecki G, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Identification of lithium-regulated genes in cultured lymphoblasts of lithium responsive subjects with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;29:799-804

Turecki G, Alda M, Grof P, Grof E, Martin R, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Maciel P, Rouleau G. No association between chromosome 18 markers and lithium responsive affective disorders. Psychiatry Research 1996;63:17-23

Turecki G, Grof P, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Grof E, Martin R, Joober R, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Lithium responsive bipolar disorder, parental origin and chromosome 18: a linkage study. Am J Med Gen 1999;88:411-415

Turecki G, Grof P, Grof E, D’Souza V, Lebuis L, Marineau C, Cavazzoni P, Duffy A, Robertson C, Betard C, Zvolsky P, Brewer C, Hudson T, Rouleau GA, Alda M. Mapping susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder: a pharmacogenetic approach based on excellent response to lithium. Mol Psychiatry 2001;6:570-578

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Mechanism of Action of Lithium

Amsterdam JD, Rybakowski J, Gottlieb J, Frazer A. Kinetics of erythrocyte lithium-sodium countertransport in patients with affective illness before and during lithium therapy. J Affect Disord 1988;14:75-81

Bschor T, Bauer M. Is successful lithium augmentation limited to serotonergic antidepressants? [letter] J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24:240-241

Fiebich BL, Akundi RS, Biber K, Hamke M, Schmidt C, Butcher RD, van Calker D, Willmroth F. IL-6 expression induced by adenosine A2b receptor stimulation in U373 MG cells depends on p38 mitogen activated kinase and protein kinase C. Neurochem Int 2005;46:501-512

Förstner U, Bohus M, Gebicke-Härter PJ, Baumer B, Berger M, van Calker D. Decreased agonist-stimulated Ca2+-response in neutrophils from patients under chronic lithium therapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1994;243:240-243

Frazer A, Mendels J, Brunswick D, London J, Pring M, Ramsey TA, Rybakowski J. Erythrocyte concentrations of the lithium ion: clinical correlates and mechanisms of action. Am J Psychiatry 1978;135:1065-1069

Greil W, Steber R, van Calker D. The agonist-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates is attenuated in neutrophils from male patients under chronic lithium therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1991;30:443-451

Lehmann W, Kanarkowski R, Matkowski K, Rybakowski J. Studies of lithium pharmacokinetics in patients with affective illness. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1988;40:47-54

Licht RW, Larsen JO, Smith D, Braendgaard H. Chronic lithium treatment with or without haloperidol fails to affect the morphology of the rat cerebellum. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;13:173-176

Licht RW, Larsen JO, Smith D, Braendgaard H. Effect of chronic lithium treatment with or without haloperidol on number and sizes of neurons in rat neocortex. Psychopharmacology 1994;115:371-374

Lubrich B, Patishi Y, Kofman O, Berger M, Belmaker RH, van Calker D. Lithium-induced inositol depletion in rat brain after chronic treatment is restricted to the hypothalamus. Mol Psychiatry 1997;2:407-412

Lubrich B, van Calker D. Inhibition of the high affinity myo-inositol uptake: A common mechanism of action of antibipolar drugs? Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;21:519-529

MacQueen GM, Campbell S, McEwen BS, Macdonald K, Amano S, Joffe RT, Nahmias C, Young LT. Course of illness, hippocampal function, and hippocampal volume in major depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2003;100:1387-1392

Rybakowski J, Chlopocka M, Kapelski Z, Hernacka B, Szajnerman Z, Kasprzak K. Red blood cell lithium index in patients with affective disorders in the course of lithium prophylaxis. Int Pharmacopsychiatry 1974;9:166-171

Rybakowski J, Frazer A, Mendels J. Lithium efflux from erythrocytes incubated in vitro during lithium carbonate administration. Commun Psychopharmacol 1978;2:105-112

Rybakowski J, Frazer A, Mendels J, Ramsey TA. Erythrocyte accumulation of the lithium ion in control subjects and patients with primary affective disorder. Commun Psychopharmacol 1978;2:99-104

Rybakowski J, Frazer A, Mendels J, Ramsey TA. Prediction of the lithium ratio in man by means of an in vitro test. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977;22:465-469

Rybakowski J, Lehmann W, Matkowski K. Dissimilar effects of lithium and carbamazepine on erythrocyte lithium transport in vivo: clinical implications. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1990;42:113-120

Rybakowski J. Mechanisms of the psychotropic action of lithium and carbamazepine. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992;71(Suppl 1):30-41

Rybakowski J, Potok E, Strzyzewski W, Chlopocka-Wozniak M. The effects of lithium treatment on cation transport processes in erythrocytes of patients with affective illnesses. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1983;35:209-215

Rybakowski J, Potok E, Strzyzewski W. The activity of the lithium-sodium countertransport system in erythrocytes in depression and mania. J Affect Disord 1981;3:59-64

Rybakowski JK, Amsterdam JD, Dyson WL, Frazer A, Winokur A, Kurtz J. Factors contributing to erythrocyte lithium-sodium countertransport activity in lithium-treated bipolar patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 1989;22:16-20

Rybakowski JK, Lehmann W. Abnormalities of lithium transport across the erythrocyte membrane in depression and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:340-346

Rybakowski JK, Suwalska A, Czerski PM, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Hauser J. Prophylactic effect of lithium in bipolar affective illness may be related to serotonin transporter genotype. Pharmacol Rep 2005;57:124-127